It started exactly a year ago today, on May 2, when the federal government announced a resource super-profits tax (RSPT). It effectively ended on June 24, 2010, when prime minister Kevin Rudd was deposed in a party room coup.
Our understanding of those events has been enhanced by over 70 documents released by Treasury under Freedom of Information (FOI) laws.
It is now possible to reconstruct much of what was happening within government and the bureaucracy in the run-up to the announcement of the RSPT and in the period immediately following.
A view has developed, in some quarters, that the RSPT was a good idea badly implemented. But the documents show a tax predicated on confusion, falsehoods and, above all, arrogance.
From the FOI documents we now know that both the politicians and Treasury were woefully unprepared to defend the basic structure of the tax. Core features were not understood within government, certainly not by the prime minister. Even so, the documents reveal that most of the problems with the tax were foreseen. It's just that little or nothing was done to address them.
Treasury, at least at the highest levels, emerges as being remarkably unhelpful to its political masters. Ken Henry, the RPST's architect, is largely absent in dispatches through the critical days and weeks after the tax was announced, as mid-level officials scramble to justify his handiwork.
The RSPT was a case study of stakeholder neglect. State governments were ignored, even though they are the actual owners of the mineral resources the Rudd government set out to tax.
No serious consultation with miners was ever contemplated. In its place, Treasury erected a sham process to go through the motions of consultation. Treasury expected to divide and conquer -- smaller miners were seen as natural allies of government.
It is clear that the RSPT was born of arrogance. The Henry review and consequent mining tax arose from the 2020 Summit, when Rudd summoned to Canberra 1000 of the nation's ''best and brightest minds''.
It was meant to provide a blueprint of proposed tax reforms, yet the only tax experts it contained were public servants. The interests of industry and, especially, taxpayers were not well represented. This was an environment ripe for group-think, unexamined assumptions and grandiose policy prescriptions.
The RSPT would, in theory, tax resource rents, leaving the miners with sufficient profit to still maintain their investment.
Government would take a 40 per cent ''virtual'' ownership of all resource projects and gain 40 per cent of the returns.
Of course, the government didn't want to pay cash for its share, so miners would effectively loan the money to government, which would be paid back out of future earnings.
The government would pay interest on its loan at the long-term government bond rate of around 6 per cent -- the so-called uplift factor. If projects failed, the government would pay in its share of the investment -- this was so-called refundability.
In short, this was a very complicated tax. You'd think the government would take steps to minimise the scope for confusion. In fact, the RSPT was announced and just two weeks later incorporated into budget forecasts.
The FOI documents reveal a tax that was fatally flawed in terms of both its premise and its design.
The Australian government only owns those resources within its own territories and located offshore. All other resources are owned by state governments. The notion that resources belong to ''all Australians'' is just cant. The Henry review made some reference to this fact, but that was very quickly forgotten.
The federal government's attitude to the states was simply contemptuous. Treasury proceeded with its plan noting that ''state agreement (is) not required''. In one presentation to the Treasurer, Treasury listed their bureaucratic counterparts -- state Treasuries and Mining Departments -- as stakeholders, but excluded actual state governments and elected politicians. State treasurers were only briefed on the morning of the official announcement and advised that they would be consulted on implementation in coming weeks.
A singular feature of the RSPT debacle was the inability of the federal government to get any traction on fundamental tax design issues. Anyone proposing a 40 per cent tax on mining ''super profits'', with miners forced to make a virtual loan to government earning just the long-term bond rate, needs to be able to justify those characteristics.
Treasury's justification for the 40 per rate was cursory at best. It was deemed a ''reasonable trade-off'' between the ''community'', miners and the ''imperfections in the measurement of profit and incentives to avoid high taxes''.
The use of the long-term bond rate as the uplift factor was to prove very controversial. As early as January 19, 2010, an internal Treasury document states that: ''Many are likely to argue that the required rate of return for the company should be used.'' A February 21 presentation to the Treasurer recognised the uplift factor would be a ''key pressure point''. A further presentation on March 14 noted that: ''The uplift rate reflects the risk that government will not provide its contribution ... bond rate is a reasonable approximation for this risk.'' Remarkably, it appears that everyone in Treasury and government was happy with that glib analysis.
The best way to understand what was proposed is that the miner would have to finance 100 per cent of a project at the corporate cost of capital and then share the profits with the government, which had ''bought'' 40 per cent of the project at the risk-free rate. After the tax was announced it became clear that the government had no idea how to communicate the idea of the uplift factor and its centrality to the operation of the tax. It was simply too complex and those who did understand it didn't believe it.
The day after the tax was announced then prime minister Rudd stumbled badly in relying on the uplift factor to explain what a ''super-profit'' was. That afternoon, a Treasury officer sent a polite email suggesting: ''Expressions like 'tax is payable only after providing a normal return to shareholders' are best avoided.'' Wayne Swan would later label mining executives as either ''lying'' or ''ignorant'' when their understanding of the RSPT was no different from Kevin Rudd's.
What is notable from the Treasury documents is that well before the tax was announced some within government realised they had genuine problems. Chris Barrett, Swan's former chief of staff, emailed Ken Henry and his senior lieutenant David Parker on March 30, 2010, expressing concern about the uplift factor, saying ''the rate itself is hard to defend'' and later that ''avoiding the whole uplift rate factor would be very attractive''. Henry replied simply saying that a higher uplift factor would be expensive, while Parker argued that the alternative would be an upfront expensing model that would also be expensive. The advice from Treasury, if technically correct, was hardly helpful. No effort was made to ensure better understanding of the uplift factor before the tax was announced.
Paul Binsted, the Labor-aligned corporate financier brought in to help with implementation, lamented just two weeks after the tax was announced that: ''It took me almost three weeks to move from my corporate finance paradigm of a WACC (weighted average cost of capital), to seeing it (the uplift rate) from the paradigm of the commonwealth's liability management. This was with a lot of goodwill and openness on my part. Accordingly, I think it unlikely that many or even any others are going to accept this proposition in a time frame which is relevant for our purposes.''
Henry provided some explanation of the uplift factor in a speech to the Australian Business Economists. He cited some academic literature and two Australian economists, George Fane and Ben Smith, as inspiration. The problem was the academic literature relied on very strong assumptions. Embarrassingly for the government, Fane and Smith both wrote opinion pieces heavily qualifying their views.
It is in relation to sovereign risk and the extension of the RSPT to existing resource projects where Treasury was most disingenuous. In a 2009 speech to the Minerals Council, David Parker had correctly identified the issue: ''Sovereign risk is the risk that investments will be reduced in value by future changes in government policy.''
Yet in place of any serious consideration of whether expropriating 40 per cent of established, successful mining projects just might have sovereign risk implications, Treasury could only offer ex cathedra pronouncements.
The mantra was always the same: the RSPT would reduce sovereign risk compared with royalties.
Of course, it was all a ruse to hide the true purpose, which was to gouge as much revenue as possible in the shortest possible time. A March 14, 2010, presentation to the Treasurer is especially damning. One of the ''key considerations'' is: ''How much should be spent on bringing existing projects into RSPT?'' Clearly, Treasury imagined a scenario where all resource projects would, within a short period, be included in the new tax regime. In the words of Treasury: ''The faster and harder existing projects are transitioned into the RSPT, the faster and greater revenue collections will be ... there is no right amount of contribution and firms will always ask for more.'' The cynicism is clear -- miners could be bribed to accept the tax. All it did was blind the government to the genuine outrage over the tax as opposed to ambit claims for greater compensation.
The misjudgment over refundability of losses encapsulated both the poor advice that underpinned the RSPT and the amateurism of its political marketing. No one bothered to road-test this key feature with industry.
Far from finding it attractive, smaller emerging miners with riskier projects saw it as camouflage for an attack on their profitability.
In May and June, the Treasury sales job on the RSPT bordered on the bizarre. Unusable press releases and op-eds were drafted and sent up to the Treasurer's office extolling the virtues of higher tax on successful mining projects and a government handout for failures. Detailed technical papers were reworked without any real connection to the anger among miners and growing concern in the broader community.
Treasury officer Jason McDonald wrote in a June 3 email: ''We are in a good position. The longer this runs, the more the big mining arguments appear hollow and the more the good news stories will come through ... we are finding that small miners are likely to be significantly better off, we just need time to explain it to them.''
A year on from its announcement, it is clear that no amount of time would have save the RSPT. This flawed and complex tax deserved its fate.
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